Restoration of Mughal Empire by
Humayun
The Sur Empire established by Sher
Shah in India proved ephemeral. Sher Shah, the arch enemy of Humayun, who
forced him to exile, breathed his last in A.D. 1545. After his death his son
and successor Islam Shah ascended the throne. He ruled successfully for about
eight years but after his death on 30th October A.D. 1553 dissensions
among the Afghans began to rise rapidly, and a civil war broke out among the
claimants of the throne. A minor son of Sultan Islam Shah was assassinated by
his maternal uncle, Mubariz Khan. He occupied the throne and assumed the title
of Muhammad Adil Shah. He did not prove to be an efficient and capable ruler.
He was a pleasure-seeing person and leaving the responsibility of the empire in
the hands of his Hindu Minister, Hemu, he retired to Chunar. Ibrahim shah and
Sikandar Shah were these two royalists who soon challenged the authority of
Adil Shah and Muhammad Shah declared his independence in Bengal. A hot contest
began among these successors of throne but none of them could be able to hold
supreme powers, hence every one established himself as independent ruler in
different places.
Hearing all this Humayun, began his
march towards India in November A.D. 1554 in order to regain his lost Empire.
When the army encamped at Peshawar, Bairam Khan, according to orders, came up
from Kandhar, and the royal standards passed over the river Indus on the last
day of the year. He entered Lahore without any opposition and occupied the same
without a fight on 24th February A.D. 1555. The districts of Punjab,
Sirhind and Hisar, all came into the hands of the Turkish forces without a
struggle. A body of Afghans assembled at Dipalpur but they were also defeated
and their baggage and wives and families fell prey to the victors.
Sikandar Shah Afghan who held
possession of Delhi sent a large contingent of soldiers under the command of
Tatar Khan and Haibat Khan to check the advance of the Mughals. A fierce battle
was fought at Machhiwara on 15th May A.D. 1555 between the Mughals
and the Afghans in which at last the Mughals stood victorious. When the news of
the victory of the Mughals reached Lahore, the Emperor was greatly delighted
and showed great honor to his generals. Entire Punjab was occupied by the
Mughals.
On hearing the defeat of the forces
of Afghans, Sikandar Shah himself marched to avenge the defeat and battle of
Sirhind was fought between the two rival claimants on 22nd June A.D.
1555 under the command of Prince Akbar and Bairam Khan in which Sikandar Shah
was ultimately defeated and fled away to the hills of north-west Punjab.
Ferishta remarks, “This victory decided the fate of the Empire and the kingdom
of Delhi fell forever from the hands of the Afghans.”
Humayun entered Delhi on 23rd
July A.D. 1555. He also established his control over Agra, Sambhal and adjacent
territory and thus he once again became the ruler of India after a long
interval of fifteen years. Akbar was declared the prince apparent and was
appointed the Governor of Punjab under the regency of Bairam Khan. This was
essential from the point of view as Sikandar Sur was still trying to establish
himself in Punjab.
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