Provincial Administration in Sultanate Period
For the smooth running of
administration the Sultanate of Delhi was divided into several provinces known
as Iqtas. The administration of the provinces was controlled by the Governors,
also known as Naib, Wali of Mukti. As a result of expansion of Sultanate into
south, the entire Sultanate was divided into eleven provinces. The number of provinces
reached the figure of 23 during the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq. The
following officials looked after the work of the provinces.
Governors
The governors looked after the work
of administration and the establishment of peace and order in the provinces. He
was appointed and dismissed by the Sultan on the basis of his capabilities and
demerits respectively. His chief functions were to maintain law and order, to
crush the rebels, to realize the taxes and solve the judicial matters. He had
to give the account of his income and expenditure to the central government.
Husain Nizami has remarked about the appointment of governor, “A famous and
exalted servant was chosen so that he might look after the soldiers, servants,
Warriors and clerks and save them from the treachery of the unbelievers and the
designs of the polytheists, he should take pains to fulfill the expectations of
the people, he should exercise the greatest circumspection in military and
revenue matters and he should maintain the traditions of benevolence and charity
so as to leave a name for eternity.”
The governors were responsible to the
Sultan only for their work. During the period of war or distress, the governors
used to assist their sultan with the help of the army. These governors often tried
to capture the power of the Sultan due to their high ambitions. They often
carried out invasions on the neighboring Hindu states with the permission of
their Sultan and after achieving victory, t hey sent a part of the booty to the
Sultan. Generally, the governors were disloyal and they always enjoyed freedom
during the time of weak rulers. Bengal and Deccan were always problem provinces
and they often revolted against the authority of the central government.
There were some other officials under
the control of governors who assist their governor, in the work of
administration of the provinces. Some officials were appointed by the governor
himself who maintained cavalry and infantry of their own. These subordinate
officials were responsible towards the governors. Thus, the administration of
the provinces was like that of the central government but the Sultan did not
interfere in it unless and until some intricate problem had come up.
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