Financial Administration of Delhi Sultanate
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| Financial Administration of Delhi Sultanate |
According to Sjariat, there were five
sources of the income of the sultanate – Ushr, Khiraj, Jakat, Khams and Jaziya.
During the Delhi Sultanate, the Sultans imposed all these taxes but often they
levied some other taxes also just to meet other contingencies.
Ushr :- It was a kind of land revenue
which was realized from the Muslims only. The owners of the land which was
irrigated from the natural resources, used to pay 1/10th of the
total production but those who used the artificial measures, i.e. man-made
irrigation resources for irrigation, had to pay 5% of the total production.
Khiraj :- It was a land tax realized
from the non-Muslims. It ranged from 1/3 to ½ of the total produce.
Jakat :- It was a religious tax which
was paid by the prosperous Muslims. It was realized at the rate of 2.5% of
their total income. The amount thus realized was spent for the welfare of the
poor Muslims.
Khams :- It was 1/5th part
of the plundered money which was deposited in the royal treasury and the rest 4/5th
part was distributed among the soldiers who fought the battles and plundered
the wealth. But no sultan except Foriz Tughluq collected it according to the
principles of Islam. They generally kept 4/5th part for themselves
and gave 1/5th to the soldiers.
Jaziya :- It was a religious tax to
be realized from the non-Muslims. According to the principles of Islam, a
non-Muslim had no right to live in a Muslim Kingdom if he did not pay Jaziya.
After paying this tax the non-Muslims were permitted to live in a Muslim kingdom
and they were exempted from the military service. The payers of Jaziya were
divided into three categories. The people of the first category paid at the
rate of 48 dirhams, the second 24 dirhams and the third 12 dirhams. Women,
children, the crippled, beggars and Saints were exempted from it s payment.
Firoz being a fanatic Muslim forced the Brahmans to pay the jaziya.
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